Surf fishing enthusiasts, whether just starting out or seasoned veterans, are always in search of new techniques to enhance their angling experience. In this article, you will discover valuable tips to help you master the art of casting beyond the breakers and effectively target coastal fish. From selecting the right equipment to understanding the behavior of these elusive creatures, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and skills necessary to elevate your surf fishing game to new heights. So grab your gear, head to the beach, and get ready to reel in some impressive catches!
Choosing the Right Gear
Selecting the Right Fishing Rod
When it comes to surf fishing, selecting the right fishing rod is crucial. You want a rod that is long enough to cast beyond the breaking waves and has enough power to handle the strong currents. A rod between 9 and 12 feet in length is generally ideal for surf fishing. Additionally, you’ll want to consider the material of the rod. Graphite rods are lightweight and sensitive, making them a popular choice for surf fishing. On the other hand, fiberglass rods are more durable and have better control over larger fish. Consider your personal preference and fishing style when choosing a fishing rod.
Choosing the Right Fishing Reel
The fishing reel is another important piece of gear to consider for surf fishing. You’ll want a reel that is designed for saltwater fishing and can handle the power of big waves and strong currents. Spinning reels are the most common choice for surf fishing due to their ease of use and versatility. Look for a reel with a large line capacity and a strong drag system. This will allow you to handle larger fish that may be lurking in the surf. Additionally, consider the gear ratio of the reel. A higher gear ratio means faster line retrieval, which can be beneficial when reeling in fish from a distance.
Picking the Appropriate Fishing Line
Choosing the right fishing line is essential for surf fishing success. The line needs to be strong enough to handle the power of the surf, yet sensitive enough to detect even the subtlest of bites. Monofilament line is a popular choice for surf fishing due to its strength and versatility. It has good knot strength and doesn’t absorb water, which can help prevent it from becoming weakened over time. Braided line is another option to consider, as it has a higher strength-to-diameter ratio and improved sensitivity. However, it can be more visible in the water, so be mindful of that when selecting your line.
Selecting the Correct Hooks
Choosing the correct hooks for surf fishing is crucial to ensure a successful and safe fishing experience. The size and type of hook you use will depend on the target species you are going after. For smaller fish, such as pompano or whiting, you can use smaller hooks in the size range of 2 to 4. For larger fish, like redfish or snook, opt for larger hooks in the range of 2/0 to 6/0. Additionally, consider using circle hooks, as they tend to hook the fish in the corner of the mouth, making for an easier and safer release. Always check your hooks for any signs of rust or damage before heading out to ensure they are in good condition.
Considering Bait and Lures
When it comes to bait and lures for surf fishing, the options are endless. Live bait, such as sand fleas, shrimp, or baitfish, can be highly effective in enticing coastal fish to bite. You can use a variety of rigs to present the bait, such as a fishfinder rig or a Carolina rig. If you prefer using artificial lures, consider using spoons, jigs, or soft plastics that mimic the movements and colors of the baitfish in the area. Experiment with different techniques and presentations to find what works best for the fish you are targeting. Keep in mind that the conditions and the preferences of the fish can vary, so always be prepared to adjust your bait and lures accordingly.
Understanding Coastal Fish Behavior
Identifying Coastal Fish Species
Before you head out for a day of surf fishing, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the different coastal fish species that inhabit your area. By knowing what species you are targeting, you can tailor your fishing techniques and bait selections to increase your chances of success. In coastal areas, you may encounter species such as pompano, redfish, snook, trout, and flounder, among others. Each species has its own unique characteristics and behaviors, so take the time to learn about their habits and preferences.
Learning about Their Habits and Preferred Locations
Coastal fish have specific habits and preferred locations where they can be found at different times of the year. For example, redfish often gather in schools near structure such as jetties, rock piles, or bridges. On the other hand, pompano can be found in sandy areas near sandbars or troughs. By understanding where these fish like to congregate, you can increase your chances of finding them and catching more fish. Research local fishing reports or talk to other experienced anglers to gather information on the habits and preferred locations of the coastal fish in your area.
Understanding Their Feeding Patterns
Coastal fish have specific feeding patterns that can be influenced by factors such as tides, weather, and the availability of food sources. For example, some fish may be more active and feed more aggressively during certain tidal phases, while others may prefer to feed during low light conditions. Take the time to observe and understand the feeding patterns of the fish you are targeting. This knowledge can help you determine the best times to fish and the most effective techniques and bait to use.
Analyzing Tidal Patterns and Currents
Tides and currents play a significant role in coastal fishing. Understanding how tidal patterns and currents affect the behavior and movement of coastal fish can greatly increase your chances of success. For example, during incoming tides, baitfish and other prey may be swept into the surf zone, attracting larger predatory fish. On the other hand, during outgoing tides, fish may retreat to deeper waters or seek shelter in nearby structures. By analyzing the tidal patterns and currents in your fishing area, you can strategically plan your fishing trips to coincide with the most favorable conditions.
Casting Techniques for Surf Fishing
Mastering the Basic Overhead Cast
The basic overhead cast is a fundamental casting technique that every surf angler should master. It allows you to cast a considerable distance while maintaining control over your line. To execute the overhead cast, start by holding the fishing rod with a firm grip and your dominant hand above the reel. Extend your arm back, keeping your elbow slightly bent, and then swiftly bring your arm forward, releasing your cast at the right moment to propel the bait or lure towards your intended target. Practice this cast in open spaces to avoid getting tangled in nearby obstacles or other anglers.
Practicing the Sidearm Cast
The sidearm cast is another effective casting technique for surf fishing, especially when obstacles or strong winds are present. To perform the sidearm cast, hold the fishing rod parallel to the ground with your dominant hand above the reel. Extend your arm to the side, keeping your wrist locked, and then swiftly bring your arm forward, releasing your cast at the right moment. The sidearm cast allows for a lower trajectory, which can be beneficial in windy conditions or when casting under low-hanging structures.
Perfecting the Two-Handed Spey Cast
The two-handed spey cast is a casting technique that is particularly useful when fishing in areas with limited casting space, such as narrow beaches or areas with vegetation. To execute the two-handed spey cast, hold the fishing rod with both hands, placing your non-dominant hand above your dominant hand. Start by swinging the rod backward, keeping it parallel to the ground, and then swiftly bring the rod forward, releasing your cast at the right moment. The two-handed spey cast allows for longer casts with minimal backcasting space.
Using the Off-the-Ground Cast
The off-the-ground cast is a casting technique that is often used when fishing with heavy weights or for distance casting. To perform the off-the-ground cast, start by holding the fishing rod parallel to the ground with your dominant hand above the reel. Swing the rod backward towards the ground, keeping it in the same plane, and then swiftly bring the rod forward, releasing your cast at the right moment. The off-the-ground cast allows for powerful casts and helps maintain control over your line when casting with heavier rigs.
Learning the Roll Cast
The roll cast is a casting technique that is particularly useful when fishing in tight spaces or when dealing with strong crosswinds. To perform the roll cast, start by holding the fishing rod parallel to the ground with your dominant hand above the reel. Instead of making a traditional backcast, use a sweeping motion to move the rod sideways and load the rod with energy, and then swiftly bring the rod forward, releasing your cast at the right moment. The roll cast allows for accurate and controlled casts in confined spaces.
Exploring the Techniques of Distance Casting
Distance casting is often essential in surf fishing, as it allows you to reach areas where fish may be feeding. To achieve longer casts, several techniques can be employed. First, make sure your casting motion is smooth and the rod loads with energy before releasing your cast. Utilize the power of your body by transferring weight from your back foot to your front foot during the cast. Properly timing your release also plays a crucial role in maximizing casting distance. Practice these techniques regularly to improve your casting skills and increase your chances of reaching those productive fishing spots.
Determining the Right Fishing Spot
Observing the Breakers and Wave Patterns
One of the first things to observe when determining the right fishing spot is the breakers and wave patterns. Fish often take advantage of the energetic surf to find food and shelter. Look for areas where the waves are breaking consistently, as this indicates the presence of sandbars, troughs, or features that can attract fish. Additionally, pay attention to the shape and intensity of the waves, as different fish species may prefer certain wave conditions.
Identifying Sandbars, Troughs, and Channels
Sandbars, troughs, and channels are natural features commonly found in the surf zone that can hold a variety of fish. Sandbars are underwater ridges parallel to the shoreline, often indicated by calmer water or breaking waves further out. Troughs are deeper sections between sandbars, and channels are deeper pathways that allow fish to move in and out of the surf zone. These features provide fish with shelter from the waves and create favorable feeding conditions. Identifying and targeting these areas can significantly increase your chances of finding fish.
Locating Rip Currents and Rip Lines
Rip currents are powerful currents that flow seaward, often found near sandbars or irregularities in the ocean floor. While rip currents can be dangerous for swimmers, they can also create productive feeding areas for fish. Fish are drawn to rip currents because they bring food and baitfish from the shore out to deeper waters. Locate rip currents by looking for seaweed or floating debris being carried offshore. Fishing along the edges of rip currents, known as rip lines, can be highly productive.
Looking for Structure and Obstacles
Structure and man-made obstacles along the shoreline can attract fish by providing shelter and food sources. Jetties, piers, rock piles, or any other form of structure can create areas with increased current flow and provide hiding places for fish. These structures can also break up the wave energy, creating calmer areas where fish can feed more comfortably. Look for any visible structures or formations along the coastline to pinpoint potential fishing spots.
Finding Productive Feeding Areas
Fish are constantly on the lookout for feeding opportunities, and as an angler, it’s essential to locate productive feeding areas to increase your chances of catching fish. Keep an eye out for signs of feeding activity, such as birds diving or fish jumping out of the water. These indications suggest the presence of baitfish and predators below. Additionally, look for areas where current flow brings baitfish and other prey items into concentrated areas, creating an opportunity for predatory fish to feed.
Tackling Techniques for Surf Fishing
Choosing the Appropriate Tackle and Weights
Selecting the appropriate tackle and weights can greatly impact your surf fishing success. When it comes to choosing your tackle, consider the size of the fish you are targeting and the conditions you will be fishing in. For smaller fish, a light to medium-action rod paired with a smaller reel is sufficient. However, if you are targeting larger species or fishing in heavier surf, a heavier rod with a higher line capacity reel is recommended. Be sure to match your tackle to the size of the fish you expect to encounter.
Weights are another important aspect of tackle selection for surf fishing. The weight you choose will depend on various factors, including the surf conditions, desired casting distance, and bait/lure choice. Pyramid sinkers and bank sinkers are commonly used in surf fishing due to their ability to anchor the bait to the ocean floor. Start with a weight that allows you to cast comfortably and hold bottom in the prevailing surf conditions. Adjust the weight as needed to maintain proper bait presentation and control over your fishing line.
Using the Correct Fishing Rigs
Choosing the correct fishing rig is crucial for presenting your bait effectively in the surf. Fishfinder rigs and Carolina rigs are popular choices for surf fishing as they allow the bait to move naturally with the current while keeping it near the bottom. Fishfinder rigs consist of a sliding weight, followed by a swivel, a leader line, and the hook. Carolina rigs are similar but include a bead and a barrel swivel between the weight and the hook. These rigs are versatile and can be used with a variety of live baits and artificial lures.
Another commonly used surf fishing rig is the pompano rig. This rig consists of multiple dropper loops with hooks, allowing you to present multiple baits simultaneously. Pompano rigs are effective in targeting species like pompano and other bottom dwellers. Whichever rig you choose, make sure it is suitable for the fish species you are targeting and the conditions you are fishing in.
Understanding the Role of Swivels
Swivels play an important role in surf fishing by preventing line twists and tangles. When casting heavy weights and dealing with strong currents, line twists can be inevitable. By incorporating swivels into your tackle setup, you can greatly reduce the chances of line twists, which can weaken your line and affect your casting distance. Attach a swivel to your mainline before connecting your leader or fishing rig. This will allow your bait or lure to move freely in the water without causing the mainline to twist and tangle.
Considering the Use of Floats and Bobbers
Floats and bobbers can be useful tools in surf fishing, especially when targeting fish that feed near the surface or in areas with vegetation or structure. Adding a float or bobber to your rig can help suspend your bait at a specific depth and keep it from getting snagged on the bottom or tangled in vegetation. This technique can be effective when fishing for species like trout or redfish that may be cruising near the surface. Experiment with different sizes and types of floats to find the one that works best for your fishing needs.
Adjusting Tackle for Different Water Conditions
The water conditions in the surf can vary greatly, and it’s important to adjust your tackle accordingly. Strong currents, rough surf, and murky water can all affect the behavior of fish and the effectiveness of your tackle. In rough conditions, consider using heavier weights to keep your bait anchored in place. If the water is murky or stained, opt for brightly colored baits or lures that can be easily seen by the fish. Likewise, adjust your line strength to accommodate for the size and strength of the fish you are targeting. Being adaptable and adjusting your tackle to the current water conditions will greatly increase your chances of success.
Bait and Lure Selection
Using Live Bait for Coastal Fish
Using live bait for coastal fish can be highly effective in enticing strikes. Live bait provides a natural and realistic presentation that can be hard for fish to resist. Popular live baits for surf fishing include sand fleas, shrimp, clams, and small baitfish. When using live bait, it’s important to keep it lively and properly presented. Use a bait bucket or a live well to keep your bait fresh and active. Adjust the size of your hook and the length of your leader based on the size of the bait, and make sure to handle live bait with care to prevent any injuries.
Selecting the Right Artificial Lures
Artificial lures can be effective alternatives to live bait when targeting coastal fish. There is a wide variety of lures available, each designed to mimic specific baitfish or other prey items. When selecting artificial lures for surf fishing, consider the size, color, and action of the lure. Match the size of the lure to the fish you are targeting, and choose colors that resemble the baitfish found in your fishing area. The action of the lure is also important; some lures create a subtle swimming motion, while others have erratic movements that can trigger aggressive strikes. Experiment with different lures to find the ones that best imitate the natural prey of the fish you are targeting.
Matching the Bait to the Targeted Species
When selecting bait and lures for surf fishing, it’s essential to match them to the targeted species. Different fish have different feeding preferences, and presenting the correct bait can make all the difference. For example, if you are targeting pompano, using sand fleas or shrimp as bait will greatly increase your chances of success. Redfish, on the other hand, are often attracted to cut bait such as mullet or ladyfish. Research the preferred food sources of the fish you want to catch and select your bait and lures accordingly. Matching the bait to the targeted species will significantly improve your chances of enticing strikes.
Experimenting with Different Bait Presentations
Coastal fish can be finicky at times, and presenting your bait or lure in different ways can sometimes make all the difference. Experiment with different bait presentations to determine what works best on any given day. For example, try adding a popping cork or a jighead to your bait to give it a more enticing action. Vary the retrieve speed or give your lure intermittent pauses to mimic injured prey. Sometimes a subtle change in presentation can trigger a strike when other techniques have failed. Don’t be afraid to experiment and adapt your bait presentation until you find what works.
Techniques for Surf Fishing Safety
Understanding Surf Conditions and Hazards
Surf fishing can be a thrilling and rewarding experience, but it’s important to prioritize safety at all times. Before heading out, take the time to understand the surf conditions and hazards you may encounter. Pay attention to the wave height, frequency, and power. Be cautious of strong currents, rip currents, and undertows. Familiarize yourself with any local beach warnings or advisories. By understanding the surf conditions and hazards, you can make informed decisions and take the necessary precautions to ensure your safety.
Practicing Proper Water and Weather Safety
Water and weather safety are essential aspects of surf fishing. Always check the weather forecast before heading out, and be aware of any incoming storms or rapidly changing weather conditions that could pose a risk. If lightning is present or a storm is approaching, it’s best to seek shelter and postpone your fishing trip. Additionally, be mindful of the water temperature and wear appropriate clothing to protect yourself from the elements. Avoid fishing alone whenever possible and always let someone know your fishing plans before you go.
Using Protective Gear
Protective gear is an important part of surf fishing safety. Wear a properly fitted personal flotation device (PFD) or life jacket when fishing in the surf, especially if you are wading in deep water or fishing from a kayak or paddleboard. A PFD can provide buoyancy and assist in keeping you safe if you encounter unexpected waves or currents. Additionally, consider wearing a wading belt to prevent water from entering your waders. Sunscreen, sunglasses, and a hat are also essential to protect yourself from the sun’s harmful rays.
Mastering Wave Timing and Water Entries
Mastering wave timing and water entries is crucial for surf fishing safety. Observe the waves and their patterns before entering the water. Time your entry carefully by waiting for a lull in the waves and then quickly moving through the surf zone. Entering the water at an angle can help you navigate the waves more effectively. If a wave catches you off guard, lean into it and allow it to pass before proceeding. Be mindful of your footing and avoid turning your back to the waves. By mastering wave timing and water entries, you can reduce the risk of being knocked off balance or injured by the surf.
Knowing How to Swim and Handle Rip Currents
Knowing how to swim and understanding how to handle rip currents is essential for surf fishing safety. If you are not a confident swimmer, it’s important to take swimming lessons or practice in a controlled environment before attempting surf fishing. Additionally, familiarize yourself with rip currents and how to escape them if caught in one. If you find yourself caught in a rip current, try to remain calm and swim parallel to the shore until you are out of the current, and then swim back to shore. Avoid swimming against the current, as it can quickly exhaust even the strongest swimmers.
Timing and Tips for Surf Fishing
Finding the Best Fishing Times
Timing is everything in surf fishing. While fish can be caught at any time of the day, there are certain periods when the fishing is more productive. Early mornings and late afternoons tend to be the most favorable times for surf fishing. During these times, fish are often more active and actively feeding. Take advantage of the low light conditions during sunrise and sunset, which can make fish less wary and more likely to bite. Keep in mind that the best fishing times may vary depending on the species you are targeting, so it’s always a good idea to research local fishing reports or talk to other anglers for more specific information.
Considering the Effects of Tides and Moon Phases
The tides and moon phases can have a significant impact on surf fishing. Many coastal fish are influenced by the movement of the tides, with some species being more active during certain tidal phases. Research the tidal patterns in your fishing area to determine the most productive times to fish. Additionally, pay attention to the moon phases, as they can affect fish behavior. During a full or new moon, fish may be more active and feed more aggressively. Adjust your fishing strategies and bait selections based on the tidal and lunar conditions to increase your chances of success.
Maximizing Opportunities during Sunrise and Sunset
Sunrise and sunset are magical times for surf fishing. The low light conditions at these times can make it easier to approach fish without spooking them. Additionally, the changing light can trigger feeding activity in coastal fish. Take advantage of the golden hour before and after sunrise and sunset, when the sun is low on the horizon and casts a warm glow over the water. Be prepared and have your lines in the water before the sun rises or sets to maximize your opportunities during these prime fishing times.
Adapting Techniques Based on Weather Conditions
Adapting your fishing techniques based on weather conditions can greatly improve your chances of success. Different weather patterns can impact fish behavior and their willingness to bite. On calm and sunny days, fish may be more skittish and less willing to venture into the surf zone. In these conditions, focus on presenting your bait close to any visible structure or in areas where the surf is more active. On windy or cloudy days, fish may be more active and willing to chase down fast-moving baits or lures. Experiment with different retrieves and presentations to determine what triggers the most strikes in different weather conditions.
Being Patient and Persistent
Surf fishing requires patience and persistence. Not every cast will result in a bite, and fish can be elusive at times. It’s important to stay focused and maintain a positive attitude, even when the fish aren’t cooperating. Keep experimenting with different techniques, bait presentations, and casting distances. Explore different spots along the beach and adapt your fishing strategies as conditions change. By being patient and persistent, you increase your chances of success and can enjoy the rewarding experience of landing that trophy fish.
Strategies for Catching Coastal Fish
Understanding the Surf Fishing Food Chain
Understanding the surf fishing food chain is key to locating and catching coastal fish. Fish in the surf zone are constantly on the hunt for food, and knowing what they are feeding on can help you select the right bait or lure. Baitfish, such as mullet or sardines, are often targeted by larger predatory fish. Crustaceans, like sand fleas or crabs, are also popular prey items for coastal fish. By observing the surf and looking for signs of feeding activity, such as birds diving or baitfish jumping, you can gain insights into the surf fishing food chain and tailor your approach accordingly.
Experimenting with Different Depths and Retrieves
Fish in the surf zone can be found at different depths depending on various factors, including the presence of baitfish, water temperature, and current flow. Experiment with different depths by adjusting your casting distance or adding weights to your rig. Start with shallow retrieves and gradually work your way deeper until you find the depth at which the fish are feeding. Additionally, vary your retrieves by using different retrieval speeds or incorporating pauses in your retrieve. Some fish may prefer a fast and erratic retrieve, while others may be enticed by a slower and more subtle movement.
Varying the Casting Distance
Varying your casting distance can be a game-changer in surf fishing. Fish often occupy different zones within the surf, and by casting at different distances, you can cover more ground and increase your chances of encountering fish. Start by casting closer to the shore and gradually work your way out towards the breaking waves. Pay attention to any visible structure or changes in water depth and target those areas with your casts. Additionally, adjust your casting distance based on the prevailing surf conditions. In rough surf, fish may be closer to shore seeking shelter, while calmer conditions may require longer casts to reach productive fishing spots.
Adjusting Lure Speed and Action
The speed and action of your lures can play a significant role in enticing strikes from coastal fish. Different fish species have specific preferences when it comes to lure presentation. Some fish may be attracted to fast-moving lures that mimic fleeing baitfish, while others may prefer slower retrieves that allow them to closely inspect the lure. Experiment with different retrieval speeds to determine what triggers the most strikes. Add twitches or pauses in your retrieve to give your lure a more erratic action. Be observant of how the fish are reacting to your presentation and adjust accordingly to increase your chances of success.
Monitoring the Water for Signs of Fish Activity
While observing the water for signs of fish activity is important, it is equally crucial to monitor the water during your fishing session. Keep an eye out for any signs of fish activity such as swirls, baitfish jumping, or birds diving into the water. These signs indicate that fish are actively feeding in the area. Pay attention to the movement and behavior of birds, as they can be excellent indicators of where the fish are located. Be observant and stay alert while fishing, as being aware of the fish activity can help you position yourself in the most productive areas and increase your chances of landing a catch.
Maintaining Your Surf Fishing Equipment
Rinsing and Cleaning Fishing Rods and Reels
Proper maintenance of your fishing rods and reels is essential for their longevity and performance. After each fishing trip, it’s important to rinse your rods and reels thoroughly with freshwater to remove any salt or debris that may have accumulated. Pay special attention to the reel, as saltwater can have corrosive effects on the internal parts. Use a mild soap or reel cleaning solution to clean the reel, taking care not to submerge it completely. Dry your rods and reels before storing them to prevent any moisture buildup that can lead to corrosion or mold growth.
Inspecting and Replacing Damaged Components
Regularly inspecting your fishing equipment for any signs of damage or wear is crucial for preventing any unexpected failures while fishing. Check the guides on your fishing rod for any cracks or damage. Replace any guides that are broken or show signs of wear, as they can cause your fishing line to fray or break during a cast. Inspect the line roller and bail on your reel, ensuring they move smoothly without any resistance or grinding sounds. Replace any damaged or worn-out components to ensure optimal performance and prevent any potential damage to your fishing line or the fish you are targeting.
Properly Storing Fishing Equipment
Proper storage of your surf fishing equipment is essential for maintaining its integrity and prolonging its lifespan. After each fishing trip, thoroughly dry your rods and reels before storing them. Avoid storing your rods in a damp or humid environment, as this can cause mold or mildew to form. Use fishing rod holders or racks to keep your rods organized and prevent them from getting tangled or damaged. When storing your reels, loosen the drag to relieve tension on the internal gears and prevent them from becoming worn out. Store your tackle in tackle boxes or storage containers to keep everything organized and protected from the elements.
Maintaining Fishing Lines and Leaders
Routine maintenance of your fishing lines and leaders is crucial for their performance and durability. Inspect your fishing lines for any signs of wear, such as nicks, frays, or discoloration. Replace any damaged or worn-out lines to prevent unexpected line breaks while fishing. Consider replacing your fishing line at least once per season or more frequently if you fish regularly. Additionally, regularly inspect and replace the leaders on your fishing rigs. Leaders can become worn or weakened over time due to exposure to the elements or encounters with toothy fish. Replace leaders that show signs of wear to ensure maximum strength and prevent any potential break-offs.
Regularly Maintaining and Sharpening Hooks
Hooks are a critical component of your surf fishing setup, and maintaining sharp hooks can greatly increase your chances of hooking and landing fish. After each fishing trip, inspect your hooks for any signs of rust or damage. Dull hooks can result in missed hooksets or fish shaking the hook during the fight. Use a hook file or sharpening stone to restore the sharpness of your hooks. Gently file the point of the hook in one direction until you feel a burr or hook barb being formed. Be careful not to file too much, as this can weaken the hook. Regularly maintaining and sharpening your hooks will ensure better hooksets and increase your catch rate.
